O Dia Mundial de Combate à Tuberculose é neste 24 de março, data importante para alertar a população sobre o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento adequado para a cura da doença, já que a tuberculose (TB) ainda é um grave problema de saúde pública e uma das doenças infecciosas mais mortais do mundo.
Todos os dias, mais de 4 mil pessoas morrem de tuberculose e cerca de 30 mil adoecem com esta enfermidade evitável e curável no mundo. Nas Américas, todos os dias morrem mais de 70 pessoas e cerca de 800 adoecem. Estima-se que, em 2020, havia 18,3 mil crianças com TB nas Américas, metade delas com menos de cinco anos de idade.
O Brasil é o país com o maior número de casos notificados de TB nas Américas. Em 2022, cerca de 78 mil pessoas adoeceram por tuberculose no país.
Em Santa Catarina, no ano 2023, foram notificados 2.226 casos novos de tuberculose, o que revela uma incidência de 29 casos por 100 mil habitantes, segundo o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Neste mesmo ano, 80% do total dos casos notificados realizaram teste para HIV e 13,2% são coinfectados TB/HIV. O estado atualmente tem uma das menores taxas de óbito do país (1,08 óbitos por 100 mil habitantes).
As faixas etárias mais expostas são entre as idades de 20 a 49 anos. O sexo masculino predomina com 67,3% de notificações.
Transmissão e sintomas
A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa e transmissível causada por uma bactéria que afeta, principalmente, os pulmões, mas também pode ocorrer em outros órgãos do corpo, como ossos, rins e cérebro. “A transmissão se dá por via aérea e pode acontecer de várias formas: através de fala, espirro e tosse da pessoa infectada. O contato direto com o doente em ambiente fechado e com pouca ventilação e ausência de luz solar representa maior chance de outra pessoa ser infectada”, explica Lígia Castellon Gryninger, médica infectologista da Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Santa Catarina (DIVE/SC).
O principal sintoma da tuberculose é a tosse (por três semanas ou mais), associada ou não a febre (especialmente à tarde), suor intenso à noite, falta de apetite e emagrecimento.
Prevenção
A vacina BCG é uma maneira de proteção contra as formas graves de tuberculose e faz parte do calendário vacinal, devendo idealmente ser feita ao nascimento. Além disso, como forma de prevenção e controle da doença é sempre importante investigar os contatos mais próximos da pessoa que está em tratamento para que seja descoberta a infecção e/ou doença o mais rápido possível. Desta forma, o tratamento é iniciado precocemente e há a diminuição de possíveis complicações, além da redução na transmissão.
Tratamento
O tratamento da tuberculose dura seis meses, é gratuito e está disponível no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). “Logo nas primeiras semanas do tratamento, a pessoa se sente melhor e, por isso, precisa ser orientada pelo profissional de saúde a realizar o tratamento até o final, independentemente do desaparecimento dos sintomas, pois o tratamento incompleto pode levar a resistência aos medicamentos e agravamento do quadro”, enfatiza a médica.
Informações adicionais para a imprensa:
Amanda Mariano / Bruna Matos / Patrícia Pozzo
NUCOM – Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (Dive)
Secretaria de Estado da Saúde
Fone: (48) 3664-7406 | 3664-7402
E-mail: divecomunicacao@saude.sc.gov.br
www.dive.sc.gov.br
Instagram: @divesantacatarina
Facebook: /divesantacatarina.
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