Após um ano de tratamento multidisciplinar envolvendo aconselhamento clínico, nutricional, psicológico e exercício físico, um grupo de 22 adolescentes com obesidade não apenas perdeu peso como viu diminuir em seu exame de sangue a concentração de mediadores de inflamação e de doenças cardiovasculares. Essas duas conquistas se traduziram na redução da resistência à insulina (e, portanto, do risco de diabetes), da gordura visceral e em um melhor controle do balanço energético (relação entre ingestão e gasto calórico) – fatores que promovem melhora global da saúde e impedem o “efeito ioiô” das dietas.
Os resultados da pesquisa, financiada pela Fapesp, foram divulgados no International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
“Neste estudo, testamos um novo modelo de tratamento que não é tão intensivo quanto o original, já adotado em trabalhos anteriores do grupo e com eficácia comprovada. Isso é importante, pois, com menos frequência, o tratamento ganha em adesão dos adolescentes e fica mais barato para ser implementado no Sistema Único de Saúde”, conta Ana Raimunda Dâmaso, professora da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp).
A diferença entre o modelo intensivo e o novo, proposto pelo artigo, está na redução do número de consultas e acompanhamentos. Antes os adolescentes tinham de ir à universidade três vezes por semana para praticar atividade física com o auxílio de um professor, enquanto no atual eles foram orientados a praticar os exercícios em casa.
As orientações nutricionais em grupo, antes realizadas uma vez por semana, ocorreram quinzenalmente no modelo semi-intensivo. E as orientações nutricionais individuais foram abolidas, bem como as reuniões mensais com os pais ou outros responsáveis.
Em relação ao apoio psicológico, o modelo intensivo preconizava sessões em grupo e individuais – cada modalidade uma vez por semana. Já no semi-intensivo foram feitos apenas encontros quinzenais em grupo. O atendimento médico individual mensal foi mantido.
Segundo a pesquisadora, mesmo com um programa mais brando houve uma melhora significativa em relação a dois hormônios secretados pelo tecido adiposo: a leptina (fator-chave no controle do equilíbrio energético e de processos inflamatórios) e a adiponectina (que tem ação anti-inflamatória e protege a função pancreática).
“Adolescentes com obesidade grave geralmente apresentam estados de hiperleptinemia (produção excessiva de leptina) e, ao mesmo tempo, redução na secreção de adiponectina. Essa combinação acentua o estado pró-inflamatório e o risco cardiometabólico”, explica Dâmaso.
A terapia semi-intensiva conseguiu reverter esse quadro. A prevalência de adolescentes com hiperleptinemia caiu de 77,3% para 36,4%. Em um estudo anterior do grupo, em que foi usado o modelo intensivo de tratamento, a leptina dos adolescentes com obesidade havia passado de 75% para 55%.
“Em relação à hiperleptinemia, portanto, os resultados foram até melhores no modelo semi-intensivo”, afirma Dâmaso.
Redução do risco
A obesidade tem sido caracterizada por especialistas como uma doença inflamatória crônica. Quando tem início na adolescência o impacto negativo ao longo da vida é ainda maior, pois a inflamação constante atua por mais tempo no organismo.
No artigo, os pesquisadores ressaltam que uma das implicações mais preocupantes da obesidade na adolescência é a associação entre o excesso de tecido adiposo e o aumento no risco de desenvolvimento de doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares durante a adolescência e na idade adulta, o que piora substancialmente a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos.
“Quanto mais tempo uma pessoa permanecer com a obesidade grave durante a sua vida, maior é a chance de morte prematura. O adolescente com obesidade extrema está com toda uma máquina alterada e uma das principais ferramentas para reverter esse quadro, descobrimos, é colocar a leptina para funcionar de novo”, sublinha Dâmaso à Agência Fapesp.
E a pesquisadora acrescenta: “É preciso desinflamar todo o sistema, reduzir estados de hiperleptinemia, o colesterol, melhorar a pressão arterial, diminuir a resistência insulínica para evitar o diabetes e reduzir gordura visceral, além de outros biomarcadores de inflamação, evitando-se o risco cardiometabólico. O controle da obesidade em adolescentes pode ainda melhorar a apneia do sono e reduzir transtornos do comportamento, como ansiedade, depressão e bulimia, como observamos previamente em outros estudos”.
Trabalhos anteriores mostraram que uma alta concentração de leptina na obesidade está associada ao aumento dos riscos cardiovasculares, distúrbios comportamentais relacionados à ingestão de alimentos, inflamação e alterações na regulação neuroendócrina do balanço energético, com consequente prejuízo à perda de peso corporal.
“Entre os adolescentes que participaram do estudo, 77,3% apresentavam hiperlipidemia (altos níveis de gordura no sangue). Portanto, eles já estavam com alterações metabólicas e pró-inflamatórias instaladas. Conseguimos revertê-las e trazer o balanço energético para uma condição de normalidade”, conta Deborah Cristina Landi Masquio, pesquisadora do Grupo de Estudos da Obesidade (GEO) da Unifesp. O trabalho é fruto de sua tese de doutorado.
“O equilíbrio entre os níveis de leptina e de adiponectina reduz o processo inflamatório característico da obesidade e diminui o risco de várias doenças relacionadas. Tudo isso está vinculado à redução da resistência insulínica. No estudo, 81,8% dos adolescentes tinham resistência à insulina e, no fim do tratamento, esse índice caiu para 50%”, comemora Masquio.
Os resultados mostraram ainda a redução de dois biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular importantes (PAI-1 e ICAM-1). O PAI-1 é considerado um importante inibidor do sistema fibrinolítico (que regula a coagulação do sangue), portanto, sua concentração elevada pode levar a um estado pró-trombótico que contribui para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Já o biomarcador ICAM-1 é uma glicoproteína associada ao processo de aterosclerose.
“Em adolescentes com diabetes, os níveis de PAI-1 estão correlacionados com aumento de glicemia, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e espessura da veia carótida”, diz Dâmaso.
A intervenção interdisciplinar promoveu ainda redução da circunferência da cintura e da gordura visceral dos adolescentes. “Esse é um desfecho importante, pois a adiposidade abdominal está intimamente relacionada às comorbidades da obesidade, como alterações metabólicas e inflamação”, afirma Dâmaso.
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